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What are the causes of dysphagia?
- Local causes in the alimentary canal
- Local causes outside alimentary canal
- Distant causes
Local causes in the alimentary canal:
Acute and painful: Acute inflammation of the mouth
- Carcinoma posterior 2/3rd tongue
- Acute tonsillitis, quinsy, acute, laryngitis
- Acute oesophagitis, reflux oesophagitis, peptic ulcer of esophagus
- Corrosive injuries by ingestion of corrosive fluids.
- Foreign body impaction.
Chronic and painless:
- Laryngeal tuberculosis, laryngeal carcinoma
- Pharyngeal pouch, pharyngeal carcinoma
Oesophageal causes:
- Localised muscular spasm: Cardiospasm, Plummer Vinson Syndrome
- Congenital stricture
Simple structures
- Corrosion by swallowed poisons
- Secondary to reflux oesophagitis
- Schatzki’s ring
- Tubular strictures
- Carcinoma esophagus
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Local causes outside alimentary canal:
Acute and painful:
- Acute submandibular sialadenitis
- Acute cervical lymphadenitis
- Acute cervical lymphadenitis of neck
- Acute thyroiditis
- Acute suppurative pericarditis
- Acute mediastinitis
Chronic painless:
- Carcinoma thyroid, thyroid goiter
- Malignant cervical lymphadenitis
- Aortic aneurysms
- Mediastinal tumors
Distant causes of dysphagia:
- Paralysis of palate, pharynx, vagus nerve, for example diphtheria, lead palsy
- Hysteric spasm
- Hydrophobia
- Tetanus
- Myasthenia gravis
- Polio encephalitis